Ancient parasites from endemic deer from "CUEVA PARQUE DIANA" archeological site, Patagonia, Argentina.

The narrow Andean-Patagonian temperate rainforest strip in the west of southern South America is inhabited by two endemic species of cervids, the southern pudu (Pudu puda) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), both cataloged as near threatened and threatened species, respectively. One of the possible causes of their declined number is the susceptibility to livestock diseases. Significant zooarchaeological records of both deer have been found throughout the Holocene from Patagonia. The present contribution reports the first paleoparasitological results obtained from coprolites of endemic deer from the archeological site "Cueva Parque Diana," Neuquén Province, Argentina, and discusses the possible diseases found in ancient times. Thirty-four coprolites were fully processed, rehydrated, homogenized, sieved, subjected to spontaneous sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy. Thirty samples contained parasite remains. The presence of diverse parasitic diseases such as trematodioses, metastrongylosis, trichuriosis, strongylida gastroenteritis, dioctophymosis, and coccidiosis which could cause diseases in deer previous to the arrival of European livestock and the presence of zoonotic diseases in the hunters-gatherers and fishermen are discussed.

Parasitic diversity found in coprolites of camelids during the Holocene.

Knowledge of parasitic infections to which fauna was exposed in the past provides information on the geographical origin of some parasites, on the possible dispersal routes and for archaeological fauna on the potential zoonotic risk that human and animal populations could be exposed. The aim of the present study was to examine the gastrointestinal parasite present in camelid coprolites collected from the archaeological site Cerro Casa de Piedra, cave 7 (CCP7), Patagonia, Argentina. Coprolites were collected from different stratified sequences dating from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the late Holocene. Paleoparasitological examination revealed the presence of eggs of Trichostrongylidae attributed to Lamanema chavezi or Nematodirus lamae, eggs of three unidentified capillariids, Strongylus-type eggs and oocysts of Eimeria macusaniensis. These parasites affected camelids living in the studied area since the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, about 10,000 years ago. Gastrointestinal parasite fauna of patagonian camelids did not vary significatively from Pleistocene-Holocene transition to late Holocene, although environmental conditions fluctuated greatly throughout this period, as indicative of the strength and the stability of these associations over time. In this study, the zoonotic and biogeography importance of parasites of camelids are also discussed.

First paleoparasitological record of acanthocephalan eggs from Northwestern Patagonia (Late Holocene, Argentina).

Eggs representative of an acanthocephalan were found in an ancient fragment of raptor pellet, probably belonged to the barn owl, Tyto alba, from the archeological site named "Epullán Chica cave." This site is a cave located at the southern of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The fragment of pellet was found in a layer with charcoals dated at 1980±80 years B.P. A total of 56 eggs were found. Eggs were brown colored and thick-shelled, and presented four membranes, the outer lightly sculpted. The embryos presented hooks in one extremity. Measurements ranged from 87.5 to 107.5µm long and 50 to 57.5µm wide. Eggs were very well-preserved, and were identified as belonged to Class Archiacanthocephala, Order Oligacanthorhynchida, Family Oligacanthorhynchidae, probably Macracanthorhynchus Travassos, 1917, or an unidentified species. This is the first report of small mammal acanthocephalans from ancient material worldwide.

New record of anoplocephalid eggs (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) collected from rodent coprolites from archaeological and paleontological sites of Patagonia, Argentina.

Results of paleoparasitological examination of rodent coprolites collected from archaeological and paleontological sites from Patagonia, Argentina, are present. Each coprolite was processed, rehydrated, homogenized, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscope. Coprolites and eggs were described, measured and photographed, and were compared with current faeces of Lagidium viscacia. Eggs with morphological features, attributed to an anoplocephalid cestode were found in samples collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (36°56'45″S, 69°47'32″W, Neuquén Province, Holocene) and Los Altares Profile (43º53'35″S, 68º23'21″W, Chubut Province, Late Holocene). These are the first findings of this anoplocephalid from faecal material from patagonic rodents.

A palaeoparasitological analysis of rodent coprolites from the Cueva Huenul 1 archaeological site in Patagonia (Argentina).

The aim of the present study was to examine the parasite fauna present in rodent coprolites collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina), an archaeological site that provides stratified sequences of archaeological and palaeontological remains dating from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Transition to the Late Holocene period. Twenty rodent coprolites collected from different sedimentary units from the site, with ages ranging from 13.844 ± 75-1.416 ± 37 years BP, were examined for parasites. Each coprolite was processed as a whole: rehydrated, homogenised, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscopy. The coprolites and the eggs of any parasites present were described, measured and photographed. In all, 158 parasite eggs were found in 10 coprolites. The faeces were positive for Viscachataenia quadrata Denegri, Dopchiz, Elissondo & Beveridge and Monoecocestus sp. Beddard (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and for Heteroxynema (Cavioxyura) viscaciae Sutton & Hugot (Nematoda: Oxyuridae). The coprolites examined were tentatively attributed to Lagidium viscacia Molina (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae). The life cycles of these parasites are discussed.

A palaeoparasitological analysis of rodent coprolites from the Cueva Huenul 1 archaeological site in Patagonia (Argentina)

The aim of the present study was to examine the parasite fauna present in rodent coprolites collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina), an archaeological site that provides stratified sequences of archaeological and palaeontological remains dating from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Transition to the Late Holocene period. Twenty rodent coprolites collected from different sedimentary units from the site, with ages ranging from 13.844 ± 75-1.416 ± 37 years BP, were examined for parasites. Each coprolite was processed as a whole: rehydrated, homogenised, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscopy. The coprolites and the eggs of any parasites present were described, measured and photographed. In all, 158 parasite eggs were found in 10 coprolites. The faeces were positive for Viscachataenia quadrata Denegri, Dopchiz, Elissondo & Beveridge and Monoecocestus sp. Beddard (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and for Heteroxynema (Cavioxyura) viscaciae Sutton & Hugot (Nematoda: Oxyuridae). The coprolites examined were tentatively attributed to Lagidium viscacia Molina (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae). The life cycles of these parasites are discussed.

Paleoparasitological results for rodent coprolites from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina.

The aim of this study was to examine the parasite remains present in rodent coprolites collected from the archaeological site Alero Destacamento Guardaparque (ADG) located in the Perito Moreno National Park (Santa Cruz Province, 47 degrees 57'S 72 degrees 05'W). Forty-eight coprolites were obtained from the layers 7, 6 and 5 of ADG, dated at 6,700 +/- 70, 4,900 +/- 70 and 3,440 +/- 70 years BP, respectively. The faecal samples were processed and examined using paleoparasitological procedures. A total of 582 eggs of parasites were found in 47 coprolites. Samples were positive for eggs of Trichuris sp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae), Calodium sp., Eucoleus sp., Echinocoleus sp. and an unidentified capillariid (Nematoda: Capillariidae) and for eggs of Monoecocestus (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae). Quantitative differences among layer for both coprolites and parasites were recorded. In this study, the specific filiations of parasites, their zoonotic importance, the rodent identity, on the basis of previous zooarchaeological knowledge, and the environmental conditions during the Holocene in the area are discussed.

Paleoparasitological results for rodent coprolites from Santa Cruz Province, Argentina

The aim of this study was to examine the parasite remains present in rodent coprolites collected from the archaeological site Alero Destacamento Guardaparque (ADG) located in the Perito Moreno National Park (Santa Cruz Province, 47º57'S 72º05'W). Forty-eight coprolites were obtained from the layers 7, 6 and 5 of ADG, dated at 6,700 ± 70, 4,900 ± 70 and 3,440 ± 70 years BP, respectively. The faecal samples were processed and examined using paleoparasitological procedures. A total of 582 eggs of parasites were found in 47 coprolites. Samples were positive for eggs of Trichuris sp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae), Calodium sp., Eucoleus sp., Echinocoleus sp. and an unidentified capillariid (Nematoda: Capillariidae) and for eggs of Monoecocestus (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae). Quantitative differences among layer for both coprolites and parasites were recorded. In this study, the specific filiations of parasites, their zoonotic importance, the rodent identity, on the basis of previous zooarchaeological knowledge, and the environmental conditions during the Holocene in the area are discussed.

Zoonotic parasites associated with felines from the Patagonian Holocene.

Feline coprolites were examined for parasites with the aim of studying ancient infections that occurred in the Patagonian region during the Holocene period. Eggs compatible to Trichuris sp., Calodium sp., Eucoleus sp., Nematodirus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. (Nematoda), Monoecocestus sp. (Cestoda) and Eimeria macusaniensis (Coccidia) were recovered from faecal samples. The results obtained from the analysis provide evidence of consumption by felids of the viscera of both rodents and camelids. This knowledge allows for improved explanations as to the distribution of parasitism and its significance to the health of humans and animals inhabiting the area under study during the Middle Holocene.

Relevamiento de parásitos zoonóticos en materia fecal canina y su importancia para la salud de los niños / Coproparasitological canine survey in the Centro Municipal de Zoonosis and public squares

La ciudad de Mar del Plata presenta una población estimada de 100.000 canes. Esta situación genera alta contaminación del ambiente con materia fecal canina, incrementando la probabilidad de infección por parásitos zoonóticos para las personas y perros que concurren a los espacios públicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar conjuntamente los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de materia fecal canina procedente de plazas públicas y del Centro Municipal de Zoonosis, para dimensionar el riesgo sanitario existente en el ambiente. Material y métodos. Entre septiembre de 2001 y marzo de 2002 se examinaron coproparasitológicamente 205 perros ingresados al Centro Municipal de Zoonosis y 288 muestras provenientes de 21 plazas de la ciudad. Las muestras se procesaron mediante técnica de flotación-sedimentación de Willis. Se calcularon las prevalencias de parásitos totales, los porcentajes por especie y los porcentajes de muestras monoparasitadas y poliparasitadas. Los resultados se compararon aplicando la prueba de x2. Resultados. Las especies identificadas en plazas fueron: uncinarias, Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, coccidios y amebas. En el Centro Municipal de Zoonosis, además de éstas, se identificaron Capillaria aerophila y Dipylidium caninum. La prevalencia total de parásitos fue significativamente mayor en Centro Municipal de Zoonosis y también lo fue porcentaje de muestras poliparasitadas. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran una alta prevalencia de enteroparásitos caninos de importancia en salud pública y veterinaria en los caninos de la ciudad, por lo que se hace necesario implementar campañas de salud pública para concientizar a la población y generar conductas de tenencia responsable de mascotas

Relevamiento de parásitos zoonóticos en materia fecal canina y su importancia para la salud de los niños / Coproparasitological canine survey in the Centro Municipal de Zoonosis and public squares

La ciudad de Mar del Plata presenta una población estimada de 100.000 canes. Esta situación genera alta contaminación del ambiente con materia fecal canina, incrementando la probabilidad de infección por parásitos zoonóticos para las personas y perros que concurren a los espacios públicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar conjuntamente los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de materia fecal canina procedente de plazas públicas y del Centro Municipal de Zoonosis, para dimensionar el riesgo sanitario existente en el ambiente. Material y métodos. Entre septiembre de 2001 y marzo de 2002 se examinaron coproparasitológicamente 205 perros ingresados al Centro Municipal de Zoonosis y 288 muestras provenientes de 21 plazas de la ciudad. Las muestras se procesaron mediante técnica de flotación-sedimentación de Willis. Se calcularon las prevalencias de parásitos totales, los porcentajes por especie y los porcentajes de muestras monoparasitadas y poliparasitadas. Los resultados se compararon aplicando la prueba de x2. Resultados. Las especies identificadas en plazas fueron: uncinarias, Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis, coccidios y amebas. En el Centro Municipal de Zoonosis, además de éstas, se identificaron Capillaria aerophila y Dipylidium caninum. La prevalencia total de parásitos fue significativamente mayor en Centro Municipal de Zoonosis y también lo fue porcentaje de muestras poliparasitadas. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran una alta prevalencia de enteroparásitos caninos de importancia en salud pública y veterinaria en los caninos de la ciudad, por lo que se hace necesario implementar campañas de salud pública para concientizar a la población y generar conductas de tenencia responsable de mascotas(AU)

Descripción de la espora y de los estadios previos del Mixosporidio Kudora Rosenbuschi, parásito muscular de Merluccio Hubbsi: ciclo de vida / Description of the spore and previous stages in the mixosporidian Kudoa Rosenbuschi, muscle parasite of Merluccius Hubbsi: life cycle

Se describen al microscopio óptico y electrónico la espora y los estadios previos del mixosporidio Kudoa Rosenbuschi, parásito muscular de Merluccius Hubbsi. La espora madura está formada por tres tipos celulares: esporoplasma, células valvares y células capsulares. Se trata de un parásito de ciclo directo, donde todos los estadios ocurren dentro de las células musculares. Se esboza así mismo el ciclo de vida para este protozoo

Secuencia de la infestación y reacciones tisulares en la musculatura de Merluccius Hubbsi Marini ("merluza") y de Micromesistius Australis Norman ("polaca") por la presencia de Mixosporidios del género Kudoa Meglitsch / Sequence on infestation and tissular reactions in the musculature of the Hake Merluccius Hubbsi Marini and the blue whiting Micromesistius Australis Norman by the presence of Myxosporidae of the genus Kudoa Meglitsch

Se estudia la frecuencia de infección de protozoos del género Kudoa en la musculatura de algunos peces comerciales argentinos. En la merluza Merluccius Hubbsi el estudio histológico reveló que la espora del parásito penetra y se instala al centro de la miocélula, donde se multiplica y expande hasta llegar al sarcolema,el cual le opone cierta resistencia. Ya en esta etapa se hace evidente el daño estructural de la miocélula. Vencida la barrera del sarcolema, la infección engloba fibras musculares vecinas, aparece edema, infiltración celular e hiperplasia de tejido conjuntivo que forma una capa en torno a la lesión. Estos quistes van creciendo hasta hacerse macroscópicos. Hacia el interior de su pared externa aparece una descamación melánica que les confiere el color oscuro característico. En la polaca, Micromesistius Australis, no pudo ser estudiada toda la secuencia y sólo se describen los quistes mayores, por estar este pez dentro de la zona de Exclusión Marítima